Our FAQ guide is designed to provide general information about the health of your pet. This section is for educational purposes only and is not intended to be used as a means of diagnosing or treating your pet. However, we hope the information can be used to help you better monitor your pet and help you provide important feedback to your veterinarian so an early, professional diagnosis can be made.

ARTHRITIS

Arthritis means inflammation of the joint, but is more commonly used in a broader sense. Arthritis is divided into two separate categories.

• Degenerative
• Inflammatory

Degenerative disease, specifically osteoarthritis, is the topic of most interest for this presentation. For information on other forms of arthritis such as disk disease, “wobbler’s syndrome”, cruciate injury, hip dysplasia, rheumatoid arthritis or panosteitis (“growing pains”) please contact us at Sunbury Animal Hospital.

Osteoarthritis is a chronic non-inflammatory disorder of the movable joints, characterized by a breakdown in the articular cartilage and formation of new bone at the bone edges.  Clinical signs include lameness and discomfort, with decreasing willingness to exercise and play.

Treatments include various combinations of: weight loss, life-style changes, glucosamine/chondroitin/MSM and other nutriceuticals, anti-inflammatory drugs, hydrotherapy, and acupuncture.  Treatments are all designed to slow the progression of symptoms and maximize quality of life.  There is no cure for arthritis.

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BLADDER DISORDERS IN CATS
(FELINE LOWER URINARY TRACT DISEASE)

Lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) is one of the most common problems reported in private veterinary practice in the United States.   The syndrome encompasses a number of disorders characterized by inappropriate elimination (sinks, bathtubs, hallways, shoes, etc.), eliminating just outside of their litter boxes, or urinating with increased frequency.  Some cats may cry out in pain or discomfort and the urine may have a different color or odor.  The most common complication and cause of lower urinary tract disorders is obesity. [ www.HillsPet.com ]

Idiopathic cystitis

Two-thirds of non-obstructive lower urinary tract disorders are caused by idiopathic cystitis (inflammation of the bladder wall without known cause).  Certain factors have been shown to contribute to this condition:  viruses, disorders of the immune system, urine toxins, abnormal urine pH (acid-base balance), imbalanced nutrition, obesity and stress. 

Urolithiasis

Bladder stones (uroliths) and crystals are not an uncommon problem with cats. These stones are produced by various factors including inappropriate diet, excessive minerals in the water, chronic urinary tract infection, change in environment and others.

Blocked Cats

Male cats will occasionally develop large amounts of crystals or other urinary debris which can cause a blockage of the urethra resulting in the inability to urinate.  THIS IS AN EMERGENCY.  Seek treatment for your cat immediately.

Treatment

Treatment depends on obtaining an accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause.  Urine analysis, bloodwork, x-ray, abdominal ultrasound, contrast dye studies and stone analysis are all available.  Treatments for urinary crystals, stones and infections may include special diets and nutritional support, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics.  In severe or chronic disorders, surgery to remove bladder stones or unblock the urinary tract may be indicated.  A blocked cat will require anesthesia and a urinary catheter to be placed to allow the urine to drain.

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BOARDING

The boarding facilities at Sunbury Animal Hospital are designed to accommodate the special needs of your pets. The environment is climate controlled and our boarding personnel spend time walking, cleaning and caring for your pet's needs. Cats have their own area separate from the dogs.

Because the boarding facility is incorporated into the main hospital, veterinarians are available to assist if emergencies arise, prescription treatments, and wellness exams, as well as vaccinations.  Please indicate if your pet has any special requirements when you check in.

Grooming services are also available by appointment and can be done while boarding.

Boarding arrangements are by appointment and any special needs or requests should be specified at the time of making the appointment. Veterinary care and grooming charges are separate from the charges incurred during boarding.  Vaccinations (other than some kennel cough vaccines) require a full physical examination before administration.

We strongly recommend obtaining a Kennel Cough vaccine at least 2 weeks before boarding your dog.

Pets can be admitted or discharged during regular Clinic hours. For boarding information or appointments please call (570) 286-5131.

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DENTAL DISEASE

General Information

Dental calculus (tartar) is composed of various mineral salts, organic material and food particles. In the early stages of accumulation, the material is soft (plaque), but it later hardens and adheres to the teeth. Continual accumulation causes inflammation of the gums, eventually recession of the gums leading to gingivitis and loose teeth. The breath becomes malodorous (halitosis) and the mouth becomes a dangerous source of infection.  Untreated tooth and gum disease may allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream and cause damage to the valves of the heart, liver or kidney disease or sepsis (blood infections).  Tooth root abscesses and “cavities” can cause irreversible bone destruction and pain

Prevention

• Feed coarse foods as recommended.  Prescription dental diets are available.
• Provide rawhide, hard rubber, nylon and rope chew toys or hard treats to help in removing plaque and tartar. Remember that the treats are a source of calories and may lead to obesity if too many are given.
• Brush your pet's teeth periodically. Your veterinarian can provide special enzymatic toothpaste (product name CET) developed for the teeth of cats and dogs. Abrasive dental cleaning pads are also helpful in cleaning the teeth.  Water and baking soda can be used with a soft toothbrush but are less effective than toothpaste developed for animals.  Dental sprays containing antiseptics are also available.
• Regular professional cleaning by your veterinarian is the most effective way to ensure good dental health for your pet.  Dental cleanings require general anesthesia and pre- and post-treatment with antibiotics.

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DIABETES
(Diabetes Mellitus)

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder resulting from the inability of the pancreas to excrete proper amounts of insulin.  Without insulin, sugar remains in the blood and eventually passes into the urine.  The cause of diabetes is a combination of genetics and life style.  Significant risk factors for an animal to acquire diabetes are obesity, unbalanced diet, poor nutrition, excessive treats and lack of exercise.

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas, which is necessary for body tissues to use sugars. The excessive amount of sugar held in the bloodstream causes the classic sign of diabetes; increased urination, increased thirst, and at times increased appetite, often with weight loss.  As sugar levels rise, the body produces chemicals called ketones, which result in vomiting, dehydration and acid-base imbalance. Eventually, if left untreated, coma and death can occur.

Diabetes is not cured; it is controlled with proper diet, regulated exercise and proper use of insulin or the addition of oral medications.  Diabetes is usually a permanent disorder, which requires treatment for the rest of your pet's life. With proper treatment, your pet can lead a normal life.  Frequent visits and follow-up monitoring of urine, blood and wellness exams with your veterinarian will be needed to stage and stabilize your pet and keep the disease controlled.

When left untreated, or sugar levels uncontrolled, diabetes can be fatal.  Pets may develop cataracts, severe metabolic disease, muscle weakness, nerve damage, seizures, weight loss, and compromised immune systems.

If in doubt about your treatment protocol, use of insulin or other medications, or if your pet may have diabetes, check with your veterinarian.  DO NOT GIVE MEDICATIONS OR CHANGE FOODS WITHOUT FIRST CONSULTING WITH YOUR VERTINARIAN. Many medications can interfere with the use of insulin, and can alter test results and may dangerously increase or decrease blood sugar levels.  Reproductively intact males and females will have more difficulty dealing with diabetes.  Spaying or neutering can often reduce insulin requirements.

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FLEA AND TICK CONTROL

The season for fleas and ticks ranges from March through November but if the winter is mild and multiple warm days occur they will begin to hatch and move around.  We recommend year round application of flea and tick preventatives.

Fleas are small brown or black wingless insects.  Several types of fleas infest the hair coats of pets and may occasionally feed on people.  These blood-sucking insects cause considerable irritation and distress to infested pets.  Severe infestations may lead to anemia from blood loss, allergic skin flare-ups and fleas transmit intestinal parasites (tapeworms).  Since both your pet and its environment contain fleas in various stages of development, a flea-control program must consider fleas on the pet and in the environment.  The life-cycle of the flea has four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult.  Most of the environmental treatments will kill larva and adults but not eggs and pupa.  These eggs and pupa can survive for up to 8 months in your house.  Vacuuming and washing of carpets, furniture and bedding will help remove these from your house.  Sometimes, no fleas are found, but only tiny black granules resembling black pepper or coffee grounds called “flea dirt”.  To distinguish this material from other debris, smudge it on white paper or toweling and add a drop of water.  If a reddish-brown color appears, your pet has fleas.

Most flea products applied to animals only kill the adults on the body.  The products we recommend (see below) are excellent adulticides and they are effective for 30 days.  Shampoos, collars and some topical oils do not provide full coverage of the pet and have reduced time of efficacy.  NONE OF THE PRODUCTS APPLIED TO ANIMALS WILL KILL FLEAS THAT ARE IN THE ENVIRONMENT.  Many flea products are not compatible with each other and cannot be used in combination. Also, some insecticides for dogs should not be used on cats.  Please read all labels and warnings when purchasing products over the counter.

Many of the same products that are effective for fleas are also effective for ticks.  Ticks are in the family of arachnids and are contracted by brushing against them.  They will climb grass and small trees waiting for an animal or human to walk by and then grab on.  Ticks will then attach and suck blood.  Once full they will drop off and move into their next life stage, either laying eggs or growing larger.  Application of tick preventative is recommended for all cats and dogs that frequently travel in wooded areas and areas with long grasses.  Ticks can be in your back yard.  We recommend Advantix or Frontline for dogs.  Frontline Plus for cats is the only cat topical that prevents ticks.

To remove a tick:

Check your pet daily for ticks, especially after walks in wooded areas, by thoroughly feeling for any lumps under the hair.  Pay close attention to ears, around face, eyes, legs, and belly.  Ticks will range in size from the size of a sesame seed to the size of a fingernail when they become engorged.  When a tick is found, use a fine pointed tweezers to firmly grasp the tick by the head at the point of attachment.  Using slow, steady, and firm traction, pull the tick straight out from the skin.  DO NOT squeeze the tick body at any time this could release more bacteria into your pet.  Clean the skin with mild soap and water and some hydrogen peroxide.  If a small part of the tick breaks off, you can try to remove it as you would a splinter, but it is probably best to leave it alone.  Keep the tick in a plastic bag and bring it to the hospital, we can identify it and determine the risk for disease transmission.

Veterinarians are concerned about insecticide exposure to you, your pets and your household. Consideration must be given to these factors when using over the counter products.  Keep insecticides away from children and pets.  Read the container's label carefully.

Sunbury Animal Hospital recommends the following topical medications for flea control:

• Advantage for cats
• Advantix for dogs
• Frontline

If you have questions regarding other flea or tick products please contact us about their safety and efficacy.

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GASTRIC DILATATION/VOLVULUS (BLOAT)

This is a syndrome in dogs in which the stomach fills with gas and froth and may twist around its central axis which results in severely restricted blood flow to the GI tract, spleen, liver, affects breathing, acid-base balance, metabolism and prevents blood flow back to the heart.  This condition is often referred to as "bloating” or “twisted stomach.”  The cause is unknown and can have tragic consequences and can result in death in as little as 3 hours.

Signs are: non-productive retching (dry heaves), excessive drooling, progressive abdominal distention (bloating), weakness, and depression.

THIS IS AN EMERGENCY SITUATION AND NEEDS IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE.

Bloat and GDV most commonly occur in large breed, deep-chested dogs but any dog can develop the condition.  Surgical correction is necessary to treat this situation and has a 70% success rate if symptoms are recognized promptly.  During and after surgery, severe blood clots, stomach ulcer, perforated bowel, liver or pancreatic disease, irregular heart rate or rhythms and shock can occur.

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GERIATRIC DISORDERS

As animals age, there are certain changes that occur to the body which may include some or all of the organs such as the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver.  Other problems can be associated with sight, hearing, taste, and movement.  Arthritic changes of bone and joints, immune diseases, hormonal disorders and cancer are all diseases that can occur and are best managed the sooner they are diagnosed and treated.  Research into treatment of cancer is moving forward and there are increasingly more options available.  Some cancer treatments are not available at Sunbury Animal Hospital but we have excellent referral institutions at our disposal.

Dogs are considered to be seniors at age 7 to 9 depending on the breed whereas cats are considered seniors around age 9.  Dogs are considered geriatric from age 8-12 depending on breed and body size.  Cats are treated as geriatric at age 10-12.  Schedule your pet for a geriatric exam and ask about blood screening, nutrition and other preventative measures to insure good health as your pet ages.

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GROOMING

Grooming is more than a shave and a haircut.  Proper grooming of your pet begins as a puppy or kitten.  Brushing or combing your pet on a regular basis, depending on the breed of pet, (i.e. long-haired pets may take daily combing whereas short-haired pets may only require weekly combing), is required for good hair and skin health.  It removes dead hair, knots and tangles and helps identify flea problems as well as other skin conditions such as lice and mange.  Routine grooming can improve the bond between you and your pet as well as getting your pet used to being handled and restrained.

Nails need to be properly trimmed in order to prevent injury and damage to the pet and household (as well as owners).  How often your pet needs a nail trim depends on how much they wear them down naturally.  Indoor dogs on carpets will need trimming more often than outdoor animals.  Regular walks on concrete or cement will wear nails more than grass.

Bathing your pet is sometimes required for healthy skin and hair. Use proper shampoos and rinsing.  Ask your veterinarian or groomer for recommendations on amount of bathing required and types of shampoos to use.  Bathing more often than every 6 weeks can quickly dry out your pets’ skin.  Human products should not be used on pets.

Anal glands - two small glands near the anus designed to emit scent/oil on fecal material can cause irritation or infection.  Your veterinarian can express these glands if needed and explain to you if it is necessary to have these glands examined on a regular basis.  Symptoms of anal gland problems include your pet “scooting” or dragging their bottom across the floor and licking excessively around the anus.

Ears - many pets suffer from various ear conditions. Your groomer can clean the ears and bring to your attention the necessity of treatment.

Grooming is necessary in some breeds and required in others. Some pets are groomed or shaved for health reasons and other pets are groomed or shaved for appearance. Ask your veterinarian or groomer about the requirements for your pet.

Sunbury Animal Hospital has grooming facilities. We groom Monday through Friday.  Appointments are necessary; please call (570) 286-5131. If special needs are required, such as sedation, medications or special skin treatments please inform the receptionist when the appointment is made.

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HEART DISEASE

Cardiovascular disease is a common ailment in older dogs and is seen frequently in cats. Heart murmurs and arrhythmia may be noted during a veterinary examination. Treatment for heart disease is tailored to the individual pet following a thorough cardio-vascular work-up.

The classic signs of heart disease in cats and dogs include one or more of the following: coughing, weight loss, syncope (fainting episodes), exercise intolerance, and fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity. These signs may or may not be caused by heart disease, and not all of these signs will be noted initially but may develop over time.  Sometimes, heart disease is caused or masked by other disorders such as kidney or thyroid dysfunction.

It is important that an accurate diagnosis be made as early as possible.  Diagnosis is started with an assessment of the history of symptoms as well as a physical examination including auscultation of the heart, monitoring of pulses and examination of mucous membranes. Additional diagnostics include blood work (including a test for heartworm), electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography and/or chest x-rays.  Be sure to talk to your veterinarian about the symptoms you have noted, for example, "Missy does not seem to have the same energy level she had only six months ago, and she seems to be coughing quite regularly when we go for walks or at bedtime."

If heart disease is discovered there are multiple methods to help control the disease and help give your pet a normal lifestyle.  Be sure to follow all treatment plans properly and consult with your veterinarian if there are any questions.

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HEARTWORM DISEASE AND PREVENTION

Heartworm disease is caused by a mosquito-borne parasite, Dirofilaria immitis.  The parasite is transmitted to the host (dog, cat, or ferret) by a mosquito bite and matures into an adult form which lives in the blood stream, most commonly the vessels in the heart and lungs.  Humans are not known to be affected.

The clinical signs of heartworm disease depend on the state of the life cycle, the severity of infection and the host response to the infection. In the dog, coughing may develop, with other signs of heart failure, such as exercise intolerance, ascites (fluid build-up in the abdominal cavity), weight loss, weakness, and finally death. Cats may present with sudden onset of respiratory distress, similar to asthma, collapse and sudden death.

Diagnosis is made in dogs, using a simple and fast blood test.  Diagnosis in cats is at this time difficult and lacks accuracy, therefore, most diagnosis in cats are made at post-mortem examination.

Treatment for dogs uses a synthetic arsenical compound with a standardized protocol that has many potential complications.

Prevention is the key to working with this disease. There are a number of heartworm preventives on the market with good safety and efficacy results. The following are the brands we recommend:

• Heartgard
• Interceptor

For further questions please e-mail us sunburyvet@aol.com

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HIP DYSPLASIA

This disease is a condition involving the head of the femur and the pelvis, a.k.a. the hip joint.  There is a strong genetic component to this disease with the most common breeds being German Shepherd, Labrador, Rottweiler and other large breed dogs.  The condition can only be accurately diagnosed with the use of x-rays of the hip joints.  To get an appropriate image to assess the hips sedation must be used.  We are proficient in obtaining radiographs for OFA assessment for your pet.  Breeding animals cannot be certified for OFA hips before the age of 2 years or while females are in heat.

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals:  www.offa.org

Treatment for hip dysplasia is centered on pain management and depends on the severity of the condition and the life style of the dog.  For most patients pain management and supportive therapy is enough.  For higher performance animals or young dogs, surgical alternatives are available.

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ITCHY SKIN

Pruritis, itchy skin, is a common and frustrating problem with dogs and cats.  There are multiple causes of pruritis, the most common being allergies and parasites.

Flea allergies or flea bite dermatitis is a condition where pets are severely allergic to the spit of a flea, similar to reactions to mosquito bites in humans.  Not all animals are allergic to fleas even those that are infested with fleas.  The topical products recommended for flea control all require the flea to bite to be effective. 

Environmental allergies are the same for pets as for humans.  Grass, trees and pollen are the most common offenders.  If your pet has seasonal problems that are worse in the spring and fall it is reasonable to consider an environmental allergen.  Blood tests are available to determine the underlying cause.

Food hypersensitivities aka “food allergies” are the most frustrating allergy.  Dog and cat foods that are made today include many ingredients.  To become hypersensitive, they must react to the proteins from certain food stuffs.  In order to identify this protein we can either run a blood test or attempt to rule out the protein by feeding special diets.  Food allergies are difficult to manage but with strict adherence to diets and periodic injections or medications these can be effectively managed.

Mange is a disease caused by certain species of mites.  These small insects are most commonly acquired from the environment where other infested animals live.  Wild animals that will commonly carry mites include foxes, groundhogs, ground squirrels and other burrowing species.  These mites burrow through the skin cause thickening and roughening of the skin and can be extremely itchy.  Treatment is highly effective and includes injections 2 weeks apart for 4 to 7 treatments.

Treatment of allergies can be accomplished with a combination of antihistamines, steroids and antigen injections, immune system modifiers, in addition to food or environment management or desensitization therapy.  Infections of the skin are treated with antibiotics.  Removing the offending allergen will also reduce the symptoms. 

Refer to the Flea Control section for more information on topical products for pets.

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NEW PETS

Welcoming a new pet into your home can be a rewarding experience but should be done with care.  When choosing a new pet all aspects should be considered financially and socially

What is your reason for a pet?

This is an important question as it can determine an appropriate breed and disposition of the animal.  Family pets should fit with the type of lifestyle you can offer a new pet.  Children make a difference as to the tolerance level of an animal and how much care can be spared for a new animal.  Large breeds take much more food and working dogs (terriers, hounds, etc) may require more exercise outdoors than others.  All dogs require regular exercise.  Type of hair coat will also play an important role with respect to shedding and grooming and consider what the dog breed was originally intended for.

All things cost money from health care, grooming, food and training and medical care and can involve significant amounts of time.  Consider a new pet like a new child with all of the aspects involved in caring for them.

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OBESITY

Obesity is the condition of being seriously overweight with medical consequences.  Obese pets have more physical ailments and a shorter lifespan than those of normal weight.  Obesity increases risks during surgery, breathing and walking become more difficult and obesity can contribute to diseases such as diabetes.
The cause of obesity is rarely hormonal or due to breed, temperament or disease.  As with people, obesity is the result of too much food and too little exercise.  Weight loss should be accomplished slowly with a nutritionally balanced diet, rather than with severe short-term food restriction.  In most cases, pets must be retrained to eat moderate amounts of food, in small meals.  Owners must realize that most pets “beg” more for attention than out of hunger.  All family members must be involved in the pet’s weight loss and then weight maintenance programs.

How much to feed?

Different foods vary in calorie content.  Please check the ingredients and calorie content of all foods offered and remember to SUBTRACT the calories given in treats or biscuits from the amount of regular food offered.  Table scraps are never a good idea.

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PLANTS AND PETS

Poisonous plants can cause various symptoms, including: GI upset, liver or heart disease, skin problems and even death.  Not all poisonous plants will cause problems, even in susceptible species.  Many plants must be eaten undamaged, uncooked, in certain times of the year, or in large quantities. Just because a plant has the potential for poisoning, it is not always a problem. The best way to interpret the potential of a plant is to always use caution. 

For indoor animals, new plants can be something worth exploring.  Two potentially toxic plants that are seasonal are Easter Lilies and imported Poinsettia’s.  Other household items to be careful with include: onions, garlic, baking chocolate and seeded red grapes. 

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REPRODUCTION & BREEDING

Estrus (aka "in heat" or "in season") is the mating period of female dogs.  Dogs usually have their first estrous cycle between 6 and 12 months of age, generally younger for smaller breeds, later for larger breeds.  The complete cycle takes about 6 months, resulting in an average of 2 estrous periods or heats each year.  There is a high amount of individual variation, but for a given individual, the patterns are repeated regularly.  The estrous cycle is divided into 4 stages:

1. Proestrus (appearance of vaginal bleeding):  Normally, this stage lasts between 4 and 9 days.  Male dogs become interested in the female, however, she will not accept them at this time for breeding.
2. Estrus:  The stage during which the female will accept the male and conception can occur.  Vaginal discharge may be more yellowish than bloody.  This stage lasts between 4 and 14 days.  The female will stand still and hold her tail to the side when pressure is applied to her back or a male mounts her.
3. Metestrus (time of pregnancy or end of heat) and 4) Anestrus:  little ovarian activity, no outward signs.  False pregnancies may occur during metestrus.

A female is considered to be "in season" for roughly 21 days:  7 days coming into heat, 7 days of "standing heat" and 7 days going out of heat.  Problems with cycling can be an early warning of more serious underlying problems.

Pre-breeding: We recommend that female dogs be completely vaccinated and dewormed at least 2 weeks before breeding to ensure minimal risk of abortion and maximum protection of the young.  If you are unsure as to when the best time to breed a female, a vaginal exam and microscope evaluation of vaginal cells obtained by swab can provide good estimates of when conception is best achieved, an indicator of infertility, and can detect infection of the birth canal called vaginitis or metritis (infection of the uterus).  We also recommend that the male dog being used also be completely vaccinated before breeding, has been tested for Brucellosis (a sexually-transmitted disease of dogs) and has had a semen evaluation performed.

Gestation: Pregnancy is the period during which the young are developing in the female's uterus, typically 63 days in dogs.  Puppies may be born normally between 58 and 68 days.  There are no commercially available practical blood tests for pregnancy in the dog.  The earliest detection of pregnancy is at 28 days by ultrasound.  Radiographs (x-rays) are recommended between 45-60 days of pregnancy to count the number of young and evaluate whether the mother's birth canal is large enough to pass the young naturally or whether a caesarian section birth may be necessary.

During the first 5 weeks of pregnancy, no outward signs are evident.  Weight gain and "pot-bellied" appearance become more noticeable after 5 weeks.  As early as 7 weeks, a veterinarian may be able to detect pregnancy by palpation of the abdomen.  The mammary glands begin to enlarge as early as the 35th day of pregnancy, but typically occurs in the last 2 weeks of gestation.  Milk may be present as early as 9 days before delivery, more commonly not seen until the day or two before birth.

During the last 2 weeks of gestation, the mother may become restless, irritable and may seek seclusion.  She may soil the house, shred papers, blankets or show other "nesting" signs.  We recommend that other pets and small children be kept away from the mother at this time and a quiet area with nesting box be provided.

Nutrition: Continue to feed the mother's regular diet during the first 4-5 weeks of pregnancy.  Gradually change the diet over 1-2 weeks to a diet with higher protein, higher calorie content, such as puppy chow.  The amount of space available for the stomach to expand will be decreased daily over the last 4 weeks as the puppies continue to grow, so it is recommended that the daily amount of food offered is increased but divided into 3 or 4 meals each day.  It is essential that fresh water be provided at all times during pregnancy.

Hypocalcemia:  Also called milk fever, this condition occurs in female dogs of all breeds, but small breed dogs are at higher risk.  Females with a heavy milk production and large litter of active pups are most likely to be affected.  An imbalance between calcium uptake from the digestive tract, calcium outflow into bones, milk, urine and feces is the cause of the disorder.  Without prompt treatment by replacing/supplementing calcium, this condition can be fatal.  Signs of hypocalcemia are staggering, stiffness, muscle tremor, rigid limbs, restlessness and excessive panting.

Mastitis: Inflammation or infection of the mammary gland, related to heavy milk production and incomplete emptying of the glands.  Female dogs can have mastitis without being pregnant.  The glands become swollen, sore to the touch, may feel hot and may have dark red to purple discoloration.

For additional information on mating in dogs, normal birth, difficult deliveries (dystocia) and artificial insemination, please call your veterinarian or veterinary technician.

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SEASONAL CONCERNS

Allergies - Please refer to the ITCHY SKIN section for more information.

Heat stroke or hyperthermia can be a fatal disease for pets.  This condition occurs in the summer time during hot, sunny days.  Dogs and cats do not sweat and rely on panting, drinking water and shade for heat regulation.  Activity or exercise for your pet should be limited to the early mornings and late evenings due to high temperatures.  Care must be taken with outdoor activities and outdoor pets making sure they have plenty of cool, clean water available and are not kept in the sun for too long.

Treatment of heat stroke includes cooling the animal down.  DO NOT use ice directly on the skin.  Cool water baths, fans and ice cubes in the water dish and removing them from the sun are the best treatments.  UNRESPONSIVE ANIMALS MUST SEEK MEDICAL HELP IMMEDIATELY.

Dry skin – Dandruff is a strong indication that animals have dry skin.  The winter months when there is little moisture in the air can make problems worse.  Frequent bathing will also dry out the skin of pets.  This problem can be treated with a combination of oral supplements, topical treatments and brushing.

Hypothermia – The thinner and smaller the dog, the more important it is to be careful in the winter months.  Dogs that do not grow a thick winter coat will need extra protection from the cold and will not be able to stay outside for long periods of time.  Be aware of your dogs needs and plan accordingly.

Over-eating  -  also called garbage-can gut.  While this can be a chronic problem, dietary indiscretion occurs most often around Thanksgiving, Christmas and the 4th of July when there is plenty of extra food laying about and many guests who like to feed your pets.  Halloween is also a time of concern when small children leave candy unattended.  Meat bones can cause intestinal obstruction or perforation and lead to emergency surgery and long term problems with the GI tract.  Take extra care with turkey and chicken bones, keeping them in secure containers.  Ingesting excessive amounts of food, foods high in fat or spoiled foods, can lead to pancreatitis, a painful and critical condition of the pancreas and small intestine.  This disease causes vomiting and diarrhea and must be treated with fluid therapy and intensive care.  Watch your pets around the holidays to make sure they do not get into food on the table or into the garbage.

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SEIZURES

General Information

Epilepsy is routinely diagnosed in young dogs, but much less commonly in cats.  Nerve cells in the brain function by transmission of electrical signals. Epilepsy is a sudden, excessive discharge of electrical energy between brain cells, causing a seizure or convulsion. Why this spontaneous discharge occurs we do not know, but in many cases the condition is hereditary in dogs.  Epilepsy usually becomes apparent between 6 months and 5 years of age. Nearly all breeds, including mixed breeds, have been affected.  Epilepsy is rarely the cause of seizures in older pets.

Treatment for epilepsy does not cure the disease. Instead, treatment controls the condition by decreasing the frequency, duration and severity of seizures.

Characteristics of Seizures

Epileptic seizures seldom last more than five minutes, but to the unprepared observer they are extremely alarming and seem to last much longer. Handling the mouth of an animal should be avoided because you may be accidentally bitten.

Most seizures occur in three distinct phases. The first phase is called the aura and is the period before a seizure during which the affected animal seems overly anxious. It may scramble from behind a piece of furniture or jump down from a chair, with its eyes widely dilated. This phase generally lasts less than one minute.

The second phase is the actual seizure. Each attack may be different and can range from a mild muscle spasm to a severe convulsion, with defecation and urination. Loss of consciousness may or may not occur.

The third phase occurs immediately after the seizure and is characterized by confusion, weakness and rapid breathing. The length of this phase depends on the severity of the convulsion. Blindness (temporary) and total exhaustion may follow a severe episode.

Status Epilepticus (cluster seizures) is a state of constant seizure . Each seizure seems to stimulate another, resulting in one seizure immediately following another.  STATUS EPILEPTICUS IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY.  Any seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes or repeated seizure activity should be reported to a veterinarian immediately.

Other causes of seizure include ingestion of toxins, blood sugar disorders, electrolyte imbalance, acute or severe liver disease, kidney failure, brain tumors and concussion.

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SPAYING, NEUTERING, AND DE- CLAWING

Spaying and neutering is recommended for all pets.  These surgical procedures remove the sexual organs and eliminate the ability to breed.  These procedures also can help minimize other behavioral problems such as a male urine marking, roaming and certain kinds of aggression and dominance.  Responses different from animal to animal and neutering will not ever correct all behavioral problems.  Diets and amount of food required should be adjusted for neutered animals.

Declawing is a common practice for indoor cats.  We still perform declaw surgery upon request by the owner.  We prefer to declaw cats before adulthood typically during the spay or neuter procedures to reduce time spent under anesthesia.  Front paw declaw is what we perform most commonly and require a sufficient reason to perform declaw on all four feet.  Consider the implications of removing cats claws before asking to have it done.  Marking and clawing is a natural behavior of cats and in some countries it is considered unethical to declaw a cat.

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VACCINATIONS

Feline vaccinations
The type of vaccine and frequency of vaccinations your cat needs can be determined during a routine examination by your veterinarian. Since the protection provided by a vaccine may gradually decline over time, annual revaccination is usually necessary.

Vaccinations recommended for cats -

Rabies - Because of the threat to humans, it is required by federal law that all animals be vaccinated against rabies regardless of age, breed or being indoor or outdoor pets.

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) - FeLV suppresses a cat’s immune system leaving it unable to fight off other infections. Once the cat shows symptoms of infection, mortality rates are 100%.

FVRCCP (Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis, Calicivirus, Chlamydia, Panleukopenia) - This group of vaccines covers a series of feline respiratory, reproductive and metabolic diseases, which are easily passed from one cat to another, by direct or indirect contact.

Two other vaccinations available are FIP and FIV.  We do not routinely vaccinate against these viruses because these vaccines are not as effective and have more side effects and reactions associated.  Please discuss with your veterinarian if these vaccines should be administered to your cat.  Typically, the recommendation is to vaccinate if a positive cat is in the household, if strays are routinely cared for, or if the pet regularly has contact with unvaccinated animals (outdoor roaming cats).

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) – A viral pathogen that is similar to the human variant.  This is a slow acting virus and causes slower growth and increased susceptibility to secondary infections.  It is not typically fatal but does lead to a shorter life.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) - Cats showing signs of FIP infection rarely survive. Signs include - enlarged abdomen due to fluid accumulation, waxing and waning fever, weight loss, loss of coordination, and possibly eye lesions. A vaccination is available, in the form of a nose drop. This vaccine is used only under certain conditions, which your veterinarian will discuss.

Canine vaccinations
The type of vaccine, frequency of vaccination and boosters your dog needs can be determined during an annual exam. Your veterinarian takes several factors into consideration when making that decision, such as your dog’s lifestyle, life stage and risk of exposure. Since the protection provided by a vaccine may gradually decline after a dog is vaccinated, periodic revaccination may be necessary.  Many vaccines available for dogs now provide three years of protection, so fewer injections must be given lowering the risk of reactions, injection site pain and infection.

Vaccines available for dogs -

Rabies - Rabies is a deadly, yet preventable, viral disease most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. Vaccines are may not be administered younger than 12 weeks of age and are boostered at 1 year of age.  Revaccination occurs every 3 years thereafter.  All animals are required by Federal Law to be vaccinated for rabies virus regardless of age, breed, gender or lifestyle.

Canine Distemper – A dog with distemper may have diarrhea, fever, respiratory disease, seizures, muscular twitches, and watery discharge from the eyes and nose. The canine distemper virus is widespread among the canine population, unprotected dogs can develop this disease, and many - especially puppies - may die.  “Booster” vaccines are strongly recommended and are available in a 3-year core vaccine.

Hepatitis (Canine adenovirus Type 2) - Most often seen in dogs less than one year of age, although unvaccinated dogs of all ages may be affected. Hepatitis is spread primarily through infected urine. The virus attacks organs throughout an unprotected dog’s body, producing fever, respiratory disease, enlarged lymph nodes, abdominal pain, liver and eye damage and changes in the blood.  This vaccine is also part of the 3-year core vaccine.

Parvovirus - This is a major intestinal disease, especially among younger dogs and is unfortunately very common across the country. The virus causes extreme diarrhea and vomiting, the loss of fluids and other toxic effects leads quite often to death in young dogs. It is highly recommended that all dogs, especially puppies receive this vaccine.   Following a “puppy series,” of at least 2 vaccines given 3-4 weeks apart, revaccination is every 3 years and is included in the 3-year core vaccine.

Leptospirosis – This disease is caused by a bacteria, can affect dogs of any age by damaging liver, kidneys and other major organs. An infected dog can spread Leptospirosis bacteria for months after it has been sick. Other dogs and even humans can pick up these bacteria from the dog’s urine.  Leptospirosis vaccine is not long-lasting and should be “boostered” at least annually in susceptible dogs – those pets that are active hunters, have access to livestock and wildlife, frequent dog parks or swim in ponds, rivers and lakes.

Kennel Cough (Bordetella bronchiseptica and Parainfluenza) – This is a common disease that dogs may acquire when in an environment with many other dogs.  Bordetella is a bacteria and may respond to antibiotic therapy.  Parainfluenza (flu) is a virus that will not be helped by antibiotics. Vaccination is recommended every 6 to 12 months depending on the frequency that your dog is boarded, groomed or taken to puppy classes.  We recommend vaccinating your dog at least 3 weeks before boarding to maximize protection.

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ZOONOTIC DISEASES
(DISEASES TRANSMITTED FROM ANIMALS TO HUMANS)

The following article is taken from information obtained via the Emerging Infectious Disease section of the CDC and an article entitled "Preventing Zoonotic Disease in Immunocompromised Persons".

Zoonosis - an infection or infestation shared in nature by man and animals.

"The bond between humans and animals has been recognized for many years, and pet ownership has been associated with both emotional and health benefits. However, pet ownership may also pose health risks through the zoonotic transmission of infectious diseases, especially in the immunocompromised person. These diseases include Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Giardia lamblia, Rhodococcus equi Bartonell spp., Mycobacterium marinum, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydia psittaci, and zoophilic dermatophytes. However, with the exception of Bartonella haselae and zoophilic dermatophytes, infections in humans are more commonly acquired from sources other than pets, and the infectious disease risk from owning pets is considered low."

"In summary, our survey results indicate that physicians and veterinarians hold very different views about the disease risks from certain animals and infectious agents and communicate very little about zoonotic disease prevention. The perceived risks posed by specifiec pathogens raise some questions. First, for both Samonella spp. and T. gondii, contact with pets is NOT the only, or even the most important, source of infection for humans. Contaminated foods are the most common vehicle of Salmonella spp. For Toxoplasma gondii - cat ownership is not associated with an increase inToxoplasma seroconversion among HIV-infected person."

Bartonella spp. the source of cat scratch fever is under-diagnosed and needs to be watched.

Some agents that are often confused with zoonotic disease but are NOT:

Pin worms, Lice, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, or Pneumocysitis carinii.

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